Grammar Past Participles
一、过去分词的定义及基本形式
1．过去分词是动词的另一种非谓语形式。它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语芝受状语修饰。它和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。
2．过去分词的基本形式是：动词+ -ed，但也可以有不规则形式。
二、句法功能：过去分词在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。
1．作定语作定语用的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰的词的前面，过去分词短语作定语，则放在被修饰的词的后面。
Smoked ham熏火腿
Boiled water开水
Steamed roll花卷
Spoken English英语口语
Oppressed people被压迫的人民
Eg: There are many fallen leaves on the ground. 地上有许多落叶
This is a book written by a peasant. 这是一本农民写的书.
2．作表语作表语的过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。
Eg: I was pleased at the news. 听了这消息我很高兴
The door remained locked 门仍然锁着
He looked very excited 他显得很激动
过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等.
3．作宾语补足语过去分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,keep,fijnd,get,have,feel等动词后与名词（代词）构成复合宾语
eg: I often hear the song sung in English. 我常听人用英语唱这首歌
She found the door closed. 她发觉那门是关着的
I must get my bike repaired. 我必须请人修理自行车
Can you make yourself understood? 你能让别人明白你的意思吗?
4．作状语过去分词作状语，修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。这类状语大多数放在句子前面（主语前面），也有少数可以放在句中后部（谓语后面），或者插在中间。 Eg: Inspired by him, we worked even harder. 受到了他的鼓舞,我们更加努力工作.
The professor came in, followed by a group of young people. 教授走进来,后面跟着一群年轻人.
Mr. Green, deeply moved, thanked us again and again. 格林先生深为感动,一再向我表示感谢
过去分词也可以单独用作状语:
Eg: Heated, water changes into steam. 水加热时就会变成水蒸气.
She turned away, disappointed. 她走了,心里很失望.
过去分词短语作状语可以表示：
（1） 相当于一个原因状语从句
Eg: Inspired by her example, the League members worked even harder. 在她榜样的鼓舞下,共青团员们干得更起劲了.
The children soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. 由于旅途劳累,孩子们很快就睡着了.
（2） 相当于一个时间状语从句
Eg: Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 从山上看这个公园非常漂亮
Once published, this dictionary will be very popular! 一旦出版,这本字典将会很受欢迎.
（3） 假设的情况，相当于一个条件状语从句
Eg: United, we stand: divided, we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡
Given more time, we could do it much better. 多给点时间,我们会做得更好. （4） 相当于一个让步状语从句
Eg: Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practiced even harder. 虽然被对方打败,但队员们没有泄气,反而更加刻苦训练. （5）伴随状况
Eg: He came back, utterly exhausted. 他回来时,疲惫不堪
The woman scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants. 那位女科学家走进实验室,后面跟着她的助手们.
The boy rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat. 那男孩冲进教室,满脸是汗.
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